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=Effective Reading Instruction= By: National Institute for Literacy Publication (2007)

Phonemic Awareness
Hear, identify, and manipulate sounds of spoken words

Phoneme
Recognizes word with odd sound in a set of words Recognizes word with odd sound in a set of words Combines sequence of sounds into a single word Breaks a word into separate
 * Recognizes individual sounds in words
 * Identity
 * Categorization
 * Blending
 * Segmentation

Phonics
Know relationship between letters of written language and sounds of spoken language

Explicit and Systematic Instruction

 * Identify useful series of sounds.
 * Teach them in a logical sequence.
 * Apply sounds to reading and writing.

Fluency
Read text accurately and quickly

Bridge between word recognition and comprehension
Increase practice through audiotapes, peer guidance, tutors, *use of technology
 * Provide models of fluent reading.
 * Provide repeated and monitored oral reading.
 * Provide a variety of short text passages at student's independent reading level.

Vocabulary
Words used to communicate effectively or use/recognize in print

Indirect instruction

 * Students engage in oral language, listen to adults read to them, and read extensively on their own.

Direct instruction
Teach use of dictionaries, glossaries,thesauruses, how to use word parts, and context clues.
 * Teach individual words and word learning strategies.

Comprehension
Understand what is read

Comprehension strategies
Summarized from the National Institute for Literacy Publication, "Put Reading First: The Research Building Blocks for Teaching Children to Read" http://www..nifl.gov by Eileen Pracek, FDLRS/TECH, 6/02
 * Teach students to be aware of what they do and do not understand, & the fix-up strategies.
 * Use graphic and semantic organizers.
 * Use text explicit/implicit and scriptal questions.
 * Teach students to ask their own questions.
 * Teach story structure.
 * Use summarizing.